移工悲歌 生命教育新聞剪報

沒有選擇的人生 偷渡客悲歌     公視新聞 2018/03/26   陳淑敏 / 整理


3月19日，台東海域附近查獲30名越南偷渡客來台，兩人溺斃的悲劇；而遭逮捕的船隻「金春財號」據查過去曾有不少載運偷渡客的前例，偷渡客來台的案例日漸頻繁。
在移工團體、人權團體多年的努力之下，與移工權益相關的就業服務法在2016年已放寬，刪除「3年期滿出境」的限制；然而外籍移工在台處境仍然堪憂，越南偷渡客來台案例也層出不窮，去年也曾發生逃逸移工遭警察槍擊死亡。根據外交部數據，在台灣的越南外逃人數目前高達2萬4千人。
全球化下，人們的跨國移動變得日常化，不論是觀光旅遊、出差、打工，各種目的的移動路徑與移動條件，往往也反映了跨國移動者背後的社會階級的移動條件。偷渡客遊走在法律管制之外，搭著小船穿越洶湧的海洋來台賺錢，面臨可能喪命獲警察查緝追捕的風險；另一方面社會大眾容易對外來的他者，尤其是非法的群體帶有敵意。
家鄉貧困退無可退 冒險跨海求生，越南人來台灣期待可以找到比在母國更高薪的工作，希望解決故鄉家人的經濟問題。阮文雄指出，尤其一部分偷渡來台的人，儘管曾經來過台灣工作，但仍然沒有還清在越南當地的仲介費；自身的貧困問題尚未解決，曾經來台背負的仲介費又尚未還清，在雙重的經濟壓力下，在已知可能遭遇的風險前提下，眼前只只剩下偷渡一途冒險來台。在貧困的生活環境下，他們的心理上已經被『條件化』，只有這個方法可以解決他們的困境，他們就冒這個險來台灣。合法仲介費高達7000美金 若遭遣返債務滾雪球
阮文雄指出：「目前每個勞工來台工作，在越南當地要負債6000~7000美金。」越南當地仲介告訴他們，來台灣的工作輕鬆，一天只要工作四到六小時，大約半年到一年內就可以把債務還清。付出高額仲介費來台後，抵達台灣，越南移工們才發現在台灣的勞動狀況並非仲介口中說的如此美好。不只面臨不斷加班過勞、遭惡質雇主奴役剝削，經常被仲介公司恐嚇要遣返他們。在原本惡劣的工作環境下撐不下去，只剩下逃跑一途。逃跑，讓合法的移工變成「非法移工」，一旦被抓，就是直接遣返。不只錢還沒賺到身上的債務累積越來越多，只好冒險再次偷渡來台灣。在台灣礙於各種規定，被抓到的移工變成非法移工，一旦被抓，遣返回母國後，身上背負大筆仲介債務如同滾雪球。在來台還沒賺到錢、負債的沈重壓力下，別無他法，只能透過冒險非法偷渡的手段來台，才能夠還清身上的債務。不論是合法來台的移工，或是出於各種因素被境管無法來台，只好偷渡來台非法打工的越南人士，這就是在台灣移工政策不健全下，所造就一連串的惡性循環。
在越南鄉下的基本薪資只有100塊美金，且政府當局專制，一般人找工作甚至需要透過紅包；另一方面，越南政府不斷鼓勵當地人出國賺錢，甚至鼓勵人民到柬埔寨、遼國工作，人們也懷抱著離開越南才能夠賺錢的夢想，卻反而離真實的資訊越來越遠。「越南本身是一個資訊封閉的國家，教育方式造成人民沒有獨立思考能力，年輕人只能仰賴政府的資訊。在越南現在鄉下村莊只能靠喇叭（地方廣播），當地政府傳遞訊息，他們只能聽這個訊息，沒有機會靠近多樣化的消息。」越南當地提供片面的資訊，在資訊不對等下，導致一批又一批的越南移工來台後，面對期望不符的幻滅，直到遠渡重洋來台之後，才發現被騙。
Inspect high labour brokerage fees to Taiwan: PM     Vietnamnet  01/03/2017
Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc has asked the Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs to study recent reports that Vietnamese workers sent to work in Taiwan were paying brokerage fees that were higher than regulated.
The ministry has been asked to report its findings to the Prime Minister.According to a local media report, under the ministry’s regulations, a person has to pay a maximum fee of US$4,000 to a labour export company to work in Taiwan. The fee includes expenses for agency, recruitment, passport and other legal procedures.
However, many labour export businesses continue to collect higher fees from workers. Some labour export enterprises in Hà Nội were found to be collecting fees of between $5,000-6,000 from workers who wanted to work in Taiwan.
Taiwan has been Việt Nam’s top labour market in recent years. It accounted for 60 per cent of all Vietnamese guest workers last year. Currently, some 164,000 Vietnamese temporary workers are employed there. Taiwan is expected to receive over 20,000 Vietnamese workers this year.
The high brokerage fee is among the reasons why Việt Nam could risk losing this potential market.
The Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs last December imposed a total administrative fine of over VNĐ2 billion ($88,000) on 16 labour export businesses for violating regulations governing their activities, including violations on collecting fees illegally.
Apart from administrative fines, the highest penalty was imposed on Hải Phòng Tourism Oil Service Joint Stock Company, which had its licence revoked, while others were ordered to suspend operations for a period of 3-9 months.During the suspension period, these companies are not permitted to sign or register labour supply contracts or recruit, train and send workers overseas for work.The ministry has mapped out a project to support Vietnamese labourers working abroad under contract.
Under the project, each poor labourer from rural areas would be provided VNĐ3 million for vocational training and VNĐ3 million for foreign language courses. They would also receive financial support to help cover other expenses before they go abroad.